Effective immune surveillance by cytotoxic T cells requires newly synthesized polypeptides for presentation by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. These polypeptides are produced ...

Initiation factor 2 (IF2) is a key factor in initiation of bacterial protein synthesis. It recruits initiator tRNA to the small ribosomal subunit and facilitates joining of the large ribosomal subunit ...

The universal genetic code is made up of several codons or triplet bases. The standard code has evolved over time to minimize coding errors. There are a total of 64 codons in the genetic code arising ...

Manipulating transfer RNAs (tRNAs) for emancipating sense codons to simplify genetic codons in a cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) system can offer more flexibility and controllability. Here, we ...

In contrast to prokaryotes wherein GUG and UUG are permissive start codons, initiation frequencies from non-AUG codons are generally low in eukaryotes, with CUG being considered as strongest. Here, we ...

Translation is a key determinant of gene expression and an important biotechnological engineering target. In bacteria, 5’-untranslated region (5’-UTR) and coding sequence (CDS) are well-known mRNA ...

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen, renowned for its ability to adapt to challenging conditions. In this study, we elucidated how the activity of a single gene orchestrates ...

To translate messenger RNA, or mRNA, use an amino acid table to help you figure out the codon sequence in transfer DNA known as tRNA. Genes in DNA are like coded recipes for proteins. Cells transcribe ...

We have all heard of messenger RNA (mRNA) by now, but what about transfer RNA (tRNA)? Well, there is a growing awareness that this emerging technology is capable of a myriad of biological functions ...